Motivation: Last year I saw an 85 year old man with a stroke. After never having walked into a hospital or doctor's office, he was in the hospital for diastolic heart failure and was then found to have difficulty moving his left hand. When talking to him about preventing future strokes and the necessary tests, I wondered whether his heart or his brain was his bigger problem. What is the prognosis after hospitalization for heart failure?
Paper: Jong, P, Vowinckel, E, Liu, P et. al. "Prognosis and Determinants of Survival in Patients Newly Hospitalized for Heart Failure" Arch Intern Med (2002); 162 (15): 1689-1694.
Methods: Retrospective population-based cohort of 38,702 consecutive patients with first admission for heart failure in Ontario, Canada between 1994 and 1997. Outcome was mortality at thirty days and at one year.
Results:
Cohort: The cohort of 38702 patients consisted of 51.1% women with 84.6% older than age 65 and 57.9% older than age 75.
Mortality: The net mortality rate was 11.6% at thirty days and 33.1% at one year. Men had a slightly higher mortality rate at thirty days (OR: 1.09, p = 0.001) and at one year (OR: 1.16, p < 0.001).
Age Relation: Age very significantly affected the prognosis. The one year mortality rate was 13.5% in those younger than age 50 and 40.1% in those 75 or older.
Comorbidities: Using the Charlson composite index (a composite scale with higher score meaning more number and severity of comorbidities), a patient with score of 0 had one year mortality of 26.8% while a patient with score of 3 or greater had mortality of 50.6%. Among specific conditions, malignancy, renal disease, dementia, cerebrovascular disease, and previous myocardial infarction all independently and significantly increased one year mortality.
Conclusion: Excepting in those younger than fifty without significant comorbidities, the prognosis of hospitalization for heart failure is quite grim. I think that a general figure to keep in mind is that roughly a third will be dead after one year. For someone, with history of stroke, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (a quite common combination with Charlson score of 3), roughly half will be dead in a year. I do not think that families or patients are quite aware or counseled adequately of the implications of heart failure. Of course, this study has some serious limitations as well - most particularly, therapeutics for heart failure have become more standardized with incorporation of beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ischemic heart disease treatment than in the 1990s. We really need a similar study on a more modern population though I am not sure that the conclusions will be that significantly different.
Paper: Jong, P, Vowinckel, E, Liu, P et. al. "Prognosis and Determinants of Survival in Patients Newly Hospitalized for Heart Failure" Arch Intern Med (2002); 162 (15): 1689-1694.
Methods: Retrospective population-based cohort of 38,702 consecutive patients with first admission for heart failure in Ontario, Canada between 1994 and 1997. Outcome was mortality at thirty days and at one year.
Results:
Cohort: The cohort of 38702 patients consisted of 51.1% women with 84.6% older than age 65 and 57.9% older than age 75.
Mortality: The net mortality rate was 11.6% at thirty days and 33.1% at one year. Men had a slightly higher mortality rate at thirty days (OR: 1.09, p = 0.001) and at one year (OR: 1.16, p < 0.001).
Age Relation: Age very significantly affected the prognosis. The one year mortality rate was 13.5% in those younger than age 50 and 40.1% in those 75 or older.
Comorbidities: Using the Charlson composite index (a composite scale with higher score meaning more number and severity of comorbidities), a patient with score of 0 had one year mortality of 26.8% while a patient with score of 3 or greater had mortality of 50.6%. Among specific conditions, malignancy, renal disease, dementia, cerebrovascular disease, and previous myocardial infarction all independently and significantly increased one year mortality.
Conclusion: Excepting in those younger than fifty without significant comorbidities, the prognosis of hospitalization for heart failure is quite grim. I think that a general figure to keep in mind is that roughly a third will be dead after one year. For someone, with history of stroke, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (a quite common combination with Charlson score of 3), roughly half will be dead in a year. I do not think that families or patients are quite aware or counseled adequately of the implications of heart failure. Of course, this study has some serious limitations as well - most particularly, therapeutics for heart failure have become more standardized with incorporation of beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ischemic heart disease treatment than in the 1990s. We really need a similar study on a more modern population though I am not sure that the conclusions will be that significantly different.
Wow, pretty grim statistics. I always hated hospitals, but if I were to have a heart attack I think a hospital stay afterwards would be a good idea. I'd want to take my time to get healthy again and receive treatment of heart failure to avoid the risk of having another heart attack or experiencing other heart failure.
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